What a Trendy Drone Pressure Ought to Look Like, For Now
If we might snap our fingers now and summon a military well-trained and well-equipped in keeping with the newest understanding of contemporary drone warfare, it is likely to be composed of battalions fielding roughly fifty to 100 mixed-role unmanned techniques deployable concurrently, with shares of hundreds extra unmanned automobiles and spare elements (antennas, floor stations) prepared to exchange these attrited. The drive tailoring must embrace each rotary and fixed-wing drones performing reconnaissance, mothership, digital warfare, one-way assault (OWA), bomber, and multi-role duties. Such a battalion ought to be capable of organically discover, repair, and end targets at ranges as much as 300km.
Presently in Ukraine, formations are inclined to specialize by vary. Tactical or “infantry” battalions deploy quadcopters managed by direct radio hyperlink or fiber optic from positions 3-10km from absolutely the entrance, flirting with the hazard zone, with the higher groups now fielding glide-kit quads reaching out to 50+km, doubling their efficient vary from final 12 months. Floor drone items are more and more important as effectively, performing the overwhelming majority of evacuation and logistics throughout the 9-15km+ “grey zone” the place manned automobiles are not well worth the threat to make use of. Devoted drone battalions overwatch these items from 10-20km from no man’s land, working sometimes out to 80km however at instances out to 300km because of proliferating autonomy and redundant communications (direct, meshing, repeating, satellite tv for pc, LTE, and so on.). This higher finish for the “mid-range” or “operational” stage of warfare has additionally a minimum of doubled since final 12 months. Lastly, specialised deep strike groups at the moment are conducting strikes out to past 1500km towards strategic targets, with high-volume, low-cost, impartial, adaptable platforms fairly totally different from costly legacy US drones.
At each stage of the above construction, it’s understood that even the non-OWA platforms have to be attritable, since they not often accomplish greater than a number of missions with out being rendered inoperable. Significantly low cost techniques are even intentionally used as decoys. And naturally, seeping down into these echelons is autonomy enabled by AI, and the beginnings of swarming protocols. It have to be understood that what the plane service as soon as did to naval gunnery is what the drone is doing to the rifleman. The elemental unit of fight energy is now the small drone crew, and it’s an over-the-horizon asset.
Saving Mixed Arms Maneuver
Drones employed correctly in such formations might execute mixed arms maneuver warfare relatively than the attrition warfare we presently see. After reconnoitering the enemy and making contact, unmanned battalions might use air platforms in each expendable and regenerative loitering waves to degrade air defenses, digital warfare techniques, logistics, and command constructions, after which successive waves might suppress and attrite floor forces in preparation for floor drones to take, maintain, and form floor. Solely then would people transfer ahead to successfully deepen the vary of their techniques. All this means an in-depth rewriting and reapplication to unmanned warfare of manuals and doctrine guides resembling FM 3-0 Operations, FM 3-90 Ways, and FM 3-96 Brigade Fight Group. Present revisions have relegated the drone to a supporting function at greatest. One other instance: given {that a} legacy US Military Corps of tens of hundreds of personnel has a number of days to make selections throughout roughly the identical operational hanging depth as that of one of many aforementioned Ukrainian drone battalions of a few hundred personnel, clearly we should revise our echeloned depths of duty . The prevailing disparity has sensible penalties, as Ukrainians not solely handily defeat NATO forces in joint workout routines, however they do it with comparatively tiny forces, hanging bigger formations and property in areas considered “secure”.
As such, it must be clear to these conversant in the precise contestants in packages like Drone Dominance that we’re staging to principally procure platforms which can be too costly for the requested operational ranges. Though the DoW has set a goal of roughly half 1,000,000 drones per 12 months for procurement, it would really need a minimum of fifty million to satisfy the lofty purpose of coaching and equipping a ~500,000-1,000,000 man drive with attritable techniques. If we glance to the remainder of the world, we are going to see that Ukraine and Russia this 12 months are every more likely to make the most of round twenty million drones, whereas China, because the producer of many of the world’s drone elements, will possible construct the equal of 100 million drones.
Predictive Doctrine for a Transferring Goal
However even this, sadly, just isn’t the true crux of the problem with respect to the event of future necessities. Doctrine should not solely be prescriptive of the current, but in addition of the close to future. The very fact is, we can’t simply snap our fingers to summon a drone military. It’s going to take years to construct it out, and by then issues will look much more “sci-fi”. That’s, we’re chasing a shifting goal three to 10 years out, and so we had greatest have interaction in some creativeness to satisfy that problem.
We’re aware of how radical that is going to sound, however our purpose with such provocation is certainly to shift the Overton window, so, we consider that the long run will appear like one thing out of Ender’s Recreation, and it’s going to occur effectively earlier than these now getting into the navy attain retirement eligibility.
Man, Prepare, and Equip for the Sci-Fi Close to Future
Particular person drone controllers will turn into tactical commanders (so let’s name them “tacticians”) remotely working squadrons of individually autonomous drones, point-and-clicking their means by a 3D interactive, AI-mediated, sensor-fusion digital twin of the battlefield. The bottom layer is already right here within the digital panopticon rising from cloud-native Frequent Working Image (COP) software program like Ukraine’s Delta merging with navy AI suites. Palantir’s Maven already suggests programs of motion on the command stage, and there’s no cause this couldn’t be prolonged right down to the bottom tactical ranges, controllable by voice, contact, or textual content. In a number of extra years the tacticians themselves might be inside one thing Neuralink-shaped, performing on the velocity of AI-enhanced thought and hanging on the hyperlinks within the chain that allow adversarial tacticians. Underneath these situations the difference cycle, too, will transfer at a velocity that cognitively unenhanced people can’t sustain with, and intelligence turns into the runaway comparative benefit at each stage. There isn’t a telling the place such cognitive choice stress mixed with the flexibility to remotely management drone swarms will finish. Will particular person troopers management dozens of drones concurrently – or hundreds? What number of drones ought to a “battalion” have?
Decentralization is an element too. Every little thing we’re seeing develop now could be scaling in Ukraine right down to the particular person operator, because it should. The over-the-horizon warrior wants private entry to livestreamed tactical radar to test if the skies are clear earlier than he exposes himself by making motion. He wants edge compute not simply onboard his drones, however for native offline AI to investigate the battlefield and make selections even in a communications blackout. Already we see backpack transportable drone interceptor techniques for private protection; I’m conscious of contracts into consideration for such techniques to miniaturize to automated shoulder-launch, like a private model of the tank-mounted Trophy system. The present estimate is {that a} soldier has one to 4 seconds to defend himself towards a visible drone contact vectoring on him, and shortly that timeline will compress sufficient to exceed human response instances.
Asking what precisely the mass of standard troopers will do underneath such a radical restructuring is very similar to asking whether or not or not Giant Language Fashions (LLMs) are going to have the online impact of making or destroying jobs within the civilian workforce. We may even see the formation of a tiny navy class, or maybe warfare will turn into much more industrial in human scale. Definitely, people might be pushed farther and farther again within the logistical chain that in the end delivers kinetic results upon an adversary. At present, there’s a want for individuals to bodily emplace, function, and recuperate antennas, floor stations, and drones. As soon as robots are extra generally executing these duties (already, some aerial drones are launched through multi-domain mothership drones), individuals will work on these robots, and so forth. Finally, it’s exhausting to see what anybody might want to do bodily, as robots might be constructing, repairing, bettering, and using one another. The one actual foreseeable duties left on the tactical echelon might be these of the tactician and the true engineer, who innovates and integrates regionally. Whoever greatest automates duties end-to-end will win the tempo battle. The transportation of weapons and sensors needs to be contemplated as one mass-manufactured logistical animal.
Going additional, the tactician needn’t place himself relative to any entrance in any respect, as a result of he can fly remotely and since he could be wise to cut back his risk profile from direct motion threats to intelligence-driven threats solely. That’s, he ought to place himself to strike with impunity. Already in Ukraine, Sting pilots have flown their interceptors remotely 500km away from the place they have been launched. Midrange groups outdoors the grey zone already drive to place in unmarked civilian automobiles, put on their uniforms just for the minimal time wanted to deploy their techniques, after which fade again into the inhabitants. And the naval drones hanging the Russian fleet should not typically managed from the ocean, however in the end from bases on land. If traits maintain, the smallest impartial tactical parts could possibly cheaply strike wherever on Earth inside a decade.
Branching Futures: eVTOLs, Sensible Mud, and Past
However that is merely one imaginative and prescient of the long run. There are branching pathways, maybe a few of which can coexist. Weaponized human-optional eVTOLs just like the Chinese language prototype ZR-300 might turn into a brand new air cavalry paradigm unto themselves if employed en masse in shock vogue, sweeping apart complete nations in a day the best way Central Asian hordes did within the Medieval interval, or the best way Islamist insurgents swept throughout the Sahel in Toyotas. Microscopic drone “clouds” also referred to as good mud might penetrate any standard barrier, performing reconnaissance and even coalescing explosively or penetrating air ducts and lungs. Does this appear one step too far, straining credulity? Do not forget that “any sufficiently superior know-how is indistinguishable from magic” from the angle of the outdated guard, and that each one these applied sciences are already actual, simply not totally scaled and built-in. The truth is, micro drones have been possible many years in the past, technically if not economically – timing is all the things. We have already got a number one indicator within the German military’s very actual buy of cyborg insect swarms from Swarm Biotactics. Towards such dizzying potentialities, we are going to advocate additional on under for a quickly adapting construction that ingrains real-world suggestions and extrapolates from it.
Economies of Scale for Drone Manufacturing
First, let’s cope with how we produce sufficient helpful drones to easily match our adversaries. The mandatory industrial base to ship manufacturing on the required scale merely doesn’t exist wherever within the West presently, whereas China has quietly captured the drone market and the sub-component provide chains over many years and is integrating such know-how right down to their lowest tactical echelons at 100 instances our quantity. A lot has already been written about the necessity to innovate and iterate on a scale of weeks relatively than many years, and whereas true such a necessity doubtlessly comes with the steep requirement of steady retooling of factories and countless R&D. Sarcastically, funding this effort on the scale wanted would require a imaginative and prescient throughout a for much longer (generational) timeline, in opposition to the quarterly outcomes that drive Western enterprise technique. At present, the US buys primarily the end-product relatively than engendering the part markets straight. From a cost-savings standpoint, we’d do effectively to preemptively construct adaptable techniques, and in addition to cease making an attempt to replace legacy packages (we are going to by no means want a brand new sniper rifle). The DoW funds has to fund the home mass manufacturing of manufacturing itself, with an eye fixed in direction of dual-use sub-components and machine instruments, since industrial R&D and manufacturing can fund itself to an extent. Automobiles, telephones, and drones bought into civilian markets pay for their very own scaled manufacturing, and quantity buys down value. Because it stands now with our present part outsourcing, we’re paying our enemies to equip us, tying the rope with which they intend to hold us.
Pillars of a Sovereign Drone Trade
The pillars of business to be funded embrace locomotion, actuation, vitality, storage, compute, sensing, and communications. The component-level specifics, that means motor sizes, magnet chemistries, cell codecs, and the remaining, belong in a technical paper. What’s necessary right here is that the federal government has to ensure the marketplace for base elements as a lot as scale necessities dictate and uncooked supplies enable, whereas concurrently discovering the options that bypass adversarial chains solely.
Shallow or single-sourced chains halt on the primary disruption, so quantity needs to be distributed throughout a number of home entities in an effort to create redundant paths. Which means accounting for the bodily bottleneck of manufacturing unit siting, the authorized bottleneck of restrictive radio frequency and flight-test regimes, and the social bottleneck of technical workforce recruitment, which in observe means a nationwide push for engineers with the schooling pipelines to match. We must always fixate much less on the static stockpile and extra on the rate at which the financial system can exchange a misplaced or outdated asset. Finally, this may increasingly appear like self-assembling factories, however for now we must always see a dramatic enhance in industrial jobs, not a discount.
Assured Necessities and Producer Caps
The Departments of Battle and Commerce should collectively set up necessities and assure buy of elements at huge volumes, over multi-year timescales, in keeping with stringent requirements for minimal viable merchandise assembly or exceeding international equivalents, with caps set on what portion of the full anybody producer can supply. Subcontracting and producer caps will encourage competitors inside our personal safe ecosystem relatively than throughout nationwide borders, the place we’re regularly undercut by adversaries. As wanted, the federal government can resell unused stock again to business at or under the price of sponsored international imports, letting American firms construct with low cost safe inputs.
Now we have a sensible precedent for all this, as described within the e-book Freedom’s Forge: In anticipation of US entry into WW2, President Roosevelt introduced collectively former of heads of business in an effort to align navy necessities, authorities funding, and civilian manufacturing capability in order that targets could possibly be revised upward constantly, and the ensuing quantity compelled a dynamic of subcontracting to maintain up with demand. American business responded, not solely producing tons of of hundreds of advanced warfare machines, but in addition quickly retrofitting them as wanted based mostly on frontline suggestions, on a lot the identical timescales that we in the present day see in Ukraine.
Innovation on the Machine Timescale
Within the close to future, nevertheless, we must go even additional, with innovation essentially occurring on the machine timescale. The identical digital twin through which troopers will nearly prepare and battle will even allow us to simulate {hardware}, factories, and logistics earlier than metal is ever lower. The panopticon through which the top product’s edge sensors feed information into would be the similar through which an arbitrary variety of exams underneath variable situations could also be run earlier than the extra refined subsequent technology of product is constructed. Provide chains from base-component meeting by gas and battery pathways will be estimated and harassed the identical means. Information streams from across the globe and from native instrumentation can all compartmentalize or cohere as wanted for effectivity or breadth of understanding, all of it parseable by ever-increasing machine intelligence, at worst bounded in progress solely by Moore’s Regulation. As an apart concerning encouraging a martial tradition amongst the youth who will at some point fill the tactician ranks, our navy ought to launch realtime technique wargames involving drone swarming, initially as standalone video games however finally dwelling contained in the form of digital twin defined above. And as earlier talked about, all of this may finally be skilled in breathtaking element in digital actuality and through brain-machine interface. This isn’t so distasteful a job on a wartime footing, particularly contemplating even in peacetime the navy has launched first-person shooter video games and simulations.
Large built-in coaching areas, through which items, contractors, and producers co-locate to live-fire and iterate collectively, belong on the near-term construct record. The mandate inside such an space must be inverted from present observe, in order that the burden shifts from justifying permission for a given motion to justifying why any given motion can’t occur. The FAA, the FCC, and the remainder of the regulatory equipment must be successfully kicked out of the perimeter, and laws ought to lengthen a good-faith legal responsibility protect masking crashes and trustworthy errors. Devoted integration items, which will be regarded as Transition in Contact supercharged, must be created. The core talent of those new items wouldn’t be warfighting however relatively adapting to and assembling no matter know-how is on the market. Each unit, not simply devoted ones, ought to moreover have a minimum of some innovation funds and personnel, in order that they aren’t merely clients but in addition integrators. Particularly, this implies the navy must be mass recruiting engineers to fill out devoted innovation items and in addition sprinkle throughout the broader drive. And lastly, the troopers who will turn into the drone tacticians have to be allowed to coach for that function full-time, learning meteorology, radio idea, and different matters and abilities presently considered arcane amongst warfighters.
A Everlasting Suggestions Loop from the Entrance
Not one of the above works and not using a everlasting structured suggestions loop that connects necessities to what’s really occurring in a reside battle. Native items can’t generate necessities for now not to mention 5 years out if there is no such thing as a frontline suggestions, no rotating teacher cycle, and no dwelling hyperlink to platforms that don’t but exist in Western inventories. A peacetime drive producing peacetime necessities will purchase peacetime tools regardless of how decentralized the method is. As a substitute, we want a a lot higher scale of personnel who’re aggressively ahead deployed to battle zones, visiting tactical operations facilities and doing ridealongs on comparatively low-risk mid- and deep-strike operations. Our companions will gladly place them there if they supply as a lot as they take. Straight on this function we will put our unimaginable all-volunteer particular operators, who need nothing greater than to get near the fireplace. Adjoining to it, in decrease depth areas, we will ahead deploy standard troops as effectively to study from companions, together with by attending their very own schoolhouses.
What we’re suggesting right here is deploying hundreds of troops, not merely small cells of elite navy and intelligence company operators whose reporting doesn’t attain the broader navy. Very similar to the technical innovation measures described within the earlier paragraph, these warriors must be distributed each into new devoted items for the specific goal of doctrine, techniques, methods, and procedures innovation, in addition to throughout the broader drive, to supercharge change and purchase what Clausewitz known as a “fingertip really feel” for the current state of warfare. If there’s actually no political urge for food for this, then the one different choice is to perform the identical through different strategies, resembling by inviting massive numbers of navy instructors from accomplice nations presently concerned in energetic battle or by rotating civilian contractors extra discreetly by battle areas, as steered by former Inexperienced Beret Bryan Pickens.
Piping Frontline Sign On to Doctrine Writers
No matter how it’s finished, the core a part of no matter construction is created ought to report on to the senior navy management accountable for the event of force-wide doctrine and necessities, in order that they can not ignore actuality and conceal in lifeless paradigms. Varied new workplaces are being created, resembling DRPM-UxS, and our hope is that with direct sign they will make the most of sweeping – even disruptive – authorities to repeatedly remake the navy; for, as Napoleon stated, “sad the final who comes on the sector of battle with a system”. Given the enemy’s countless adaptation, the very best meta-doctrine is to just accept no specific doctrine as sure or everlasting, and even to imagine that it’s possible unsuitable if it has not been overhauled recently. Official doctrine paperwork could be higher written and accessed as dwelling Google docs relatively than year-dated static PDFs.
This is applicable right down to the nitty-gritty of institutional information as effectively. The train-the-trainer mannequin knowledgeable by forward-deployed reporting should gas change in our personal packages of instruction and battle drills, in order that we really know find out how to make use of the unmanned weapon techniques we’re scaling, a functionality which additional feeds into native items understanding the necessities for the subsequent spherical of apparatus purchases.
A sharedrive with compartmentalized entry just isn’t sufficient; we want our complete drive separated at most by only one diploma from somebody who has seen fashionable warfare up shut. And if the navy is that near the fight demand sign, then by extension the producers who go to the items they’re equipping might be that a lot nearer.
The Transition Engine and Treating Ukraine as a Peer
Joseph Gagnard of Atlas Particular Tasks calls the sum whole of all these joint efforts the “transition engine”, that means operators, builders, contracting specialists, and traders institutionalized collectively, as a result of no single certainly one of them fields functionality alone. That transition engine needs to be paired with a remedy of Ukraine that many of the present western protection business nonetheless resists. Deal with the Ukrainians peer to look, a minimum of in addition to Taiwan or South Korea, and higher than both, as a result of they’re in an existential battle we can’t afford for them to lose. I counsel bringing hundreds of Ukrainian engineers, managers, and operators into the USA to assist construct the drone business. Concerning AI, America holds the structure, the compute capability, the fashions, and the worldwide attain. However Ukraine holds the live-fire scaffolding for a way that information really will get generated, labeled, fused, and fed again into the iteration cycle; they’ve the premier Frequent Working Image software program, Delta, to facilitate assortment; and they’re greatest positioned to guage the battlefield effectiveness of every successive technology of fight AI.
Moreover, Ukraine is waging a world hybrid warfare on the West’s behalf, which we hardly have interaction in besides through probably the most deniable means. China, Russia, and their proxies and allies ruthlessly exploit impartial floor with an enormous array of instruments, strangling us of assets, allies, and positioning. As political will permits, we recommend unleashing our particular operators and intelligence officers in nearly-overt methods, in partnership with Ukrainians, who willingly carry out extra dangerous motion and have a historical past of cooperation with our intel providers, to function throughout the globe responding in sort to the Axis arrayed towards us. Drones, after all, are the proper semi-deniable weapon for this. And the sign we obtain again by extra closely involving our forces in low-intensity conflicts will feed again into the plan concerning getting a “fingertip really feel” again for warfare.
The Weak Homefront
The homefront, in the meantime, is ripe for a crippling preemptive strike towards us. Our infrastructure is weak, and drones as said are an ideal scalable weapon that may be employed by deniable proxies. A strike might produce economically disastrous results, and in response to such an assault of ostensibly deniable origin and restricted demise toll we would definitely not search to launch, say, a nuclear retaliatory strike. Containerized long-range drones could possibly be lurking on civilian ships off our coast proper now. DHS testified to the Senate that in 2025 there have been a median of 10,000 international drone flights per thirty days close to the southern border. Significantly in danger to such a looming risk is our AI infrastructure. No matter one’s ideas on the supposed “AI bubble” (the dot-com bubble didn’t cease the triumphant march of web adoption, did it?), it’s plain that each the earlier and present administrations have regarded the AI race as existential, and our enemies clearly really feel the identical means.
We noticed from a current strike by Iran on information facilities within the UAE offering Amazon Internet Companies that such facilities are weak, taking place for a number of months at a minimal attributable to spreading fires and lengthy lead time for restore elements. A couple of hundred drones hanging information facilities or upstream hyperlinks within the chain might simply set us again within the AI race which might present our adversary a chance to surge completely forward, a state of affairs which, once more, our bipartisan management regards as an existential risk.
A Decentralized, At all times-On CONUS Protection
The appropriate posture for CONUS protection is one that’s all the time on and autonomous-capable, capable of intercept with out ready for the chain of command. As well as, such efforts should take the type of a whole-nation decentralized effort. In Ukraine, a nationwide low cost community of cellphones acoustically tracks hostile long-range drones swarming their nation, and up to date laws authorized using digital warfare and interceptor drones by companies to guard their very own property. New manufacturing and energy services are usually in-built a distributed, resilient, redundant method, with low cost hardening out there for apparent targets (like anti-drone “cages”). Our advice, like elsewhere, is to empower all the things native. We might even go as far as to counsel that the Second Modification wants to increase to counter-drone tools, and any U.S. individual or establishment ought to be capable of have interaction perceived threats as much as sure altitudes above their very own land.
AI as Sovereign Terrain
We will lengthen the Second Modification and drones argument to the First Modification and AI; that’s, to digital and never simply bodily terrain. Throughout the data area, China steals from us and undercuts us, releasing open LLMs to erase Western software program margins. Mental property on this context is a burden greater than a profit by now, maybe functioning considerably to advertise inner competitors however leaving us large open for exterior exploitation. The easiest way to remain forward of our enemy within the face of their undermining of our brittle centralized techniques is to battle hearth with hearth. We want coverage and funding to draw back from the present massive LLM gamers and as an alternative encourage open fashions, native compute, and information sovereignty, which provide quite a few long-term benefits throughout the board that mirror the form of resiliency and initiative-encouraging results we are going to get by distributing compute and AI fashions right down to the bottom ranges of our navy.
Encryption code, for instance, was beforehand dominated to fall underneath free speech protections. There’s an argument towards permitting centralizing and censorship of digital areas as effectively, concerning them as a form of widespread area since there’s a barrier to entry in networking on the stage of Web Service Supplier infrastructure. We want a various market of competing open AI fashions, native compute, social networks, and so on. A centralized web and centralized AI have extreme dangers throughout the domains of psychological and data warfare, which play out throughout the general public digital enviornment, however to go additional in that dialogue we must depart from the scope of the kinetic warfare focus of this text. Suffice to say, probably the most dystopian and existentially dangerous outcomes are believable if centralized AI ought to win, whether or not by our personal hand or the hand of the enemy, who will certainly centralize management over their fashions as quickly as they acquire a bonus.
Deterrence through Pressure Projection
One other level value addressing when discussing CONUS protection is the concept “the bomber all the time will get by”, which might be true concerning drone swarms. Nevertheless, concerning the homefront, Ukraine has proven first that the results of long-range drone assaults can a minimum of be mitigated considerably, and that it’s economically optimum to take action. Moreover, the hanging arm we’re additionally constructing alongside the defenses will function a deterrent, since nuclear doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction is inadequate for the aforementioned causes. If we will threaten to do unto our enemies as they want to do unto us, and certainly if we really recurrently train this capability within the international low-intensity ongoing warfare, then we are going to make them assume twice earlier than hitting us.
The Core Precept: Limitless Distributed Adaptation Capability
The only precept of this piece is this- Cease shopping for finish merchandise and begin shopping for the flexibility to supply them, at scale, sovereignly, and perpetually – doctrine right here being a kind of finish merchandise. The victor that emerges from the subsequent a number of years may have constructed the meaningfully decentralized model of what we now have described right here, that means distributed compute, sensors, swarms, command, cognition, business, and authority, with the requirements and alliances to match. The rallying cry, in the long run, is the structure. Within the final nice warfare, we firebombed cities, preemptively invaded impartial international locations, and naturally in the end resorted to nuclear weapons. The political license for a nationwide revitalization as a type of deterrence appears, by comparability, a straightforward capsule to swallow.
Be aware from creator (Xen)- For individuals who want to perceive not merely the how however the why, or who’ve feedback, or who want higher breadth or depth of understanding: Over the approaching weeks I might be sharing further info to my private Substack and web site. As for my co-author, Matthew A. Creedican, you could find him on LinkedIn.
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